CPU在内核中运行时并不是处处不可抢占的，内核中存在一些空隙，在这时进行抢占是安全的，内核抢占补丁的基本原理就是将SMP可并行的代码段看成是可以进行内核抢占的区域。

　　2.4内核正好细化了多CPU下的内核线程同步机构，对不可并行的指令块用spinlock和rwlock作了细致的表示，该补丁的实现可谓水到渠成。具体的方法就是在进程的任务结构上增加一个preempt_count变量作为内核抢占锁，它随着spinlock和rwlock一起加锁和解锁。当preempt_count为0时表示可以进行内核调度。内核调度器的入口为preempt_schedule()，它将当前进程标记为TASK_PREEMPTED状态再调用schedule()，在TASK_PREEMPTED状态，schedule()不会将进程从运行队列中删除。

　　下面是内核抢占补丁的主要代码示意：

arch/i386/kernel/entry.S:
preempt_count = 4 # 将task_struct中的flags用作preempt_count,flags被移到了别
的位置
ret_from_exception: # 从异常返回
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
GET_CURRENT(%ebx)
movl processor(%ebx),%eax
shll $CONFIG_X86_L1_CACHE_SHIFT,%eax
movl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat)(,%eax),%ecx # softirq_active
testl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat)+4(,%eax),%ecx # softirq_mask
#else
movl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat),%ecx # softirq_active
testl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat)+4,%ecx # softirq_mask
#endif
jne handle_softirq
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
cli
incl preempt_count(%ebx) # 异常的入口没有禁止内核调度的指令,与ret_from_intr
匹配一下
#endif
ENTRY(ret_from_intr) # 硬件中断的返回
GET_CURRENT(%ebx)
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
cli
decl preempt_count(%ebx) # 恢复内核抢占标志
#endif
movl EFLAGS(%esp),%eax # mix EFLAGS and CS
movb CS(%esp),%al
testl $(VM_MASK | 3),%eax # return to VM86 mode or non-supervisor?
jne ret_with_reschedule
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
cmpl $0,preempt_count(%ebx)
jnz restore_all # 如果preempt_count非零则表示禁止内核抢占
cmpl $0,need_resched(%ebx)
jz restore_all #
movl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat)+irq_stat_local_bh_count CPU_INDX,%ecx
addl SYMBOL_NAME(irq_stat)+irq_stat_local_irq_count CPU_INDX,%ecx
jnz restore_all
incl preempt_count(%ebx)
sti
call SYMBOL_NAME(preempt_schedule)
jmp ret_from_intr # 新进程返回,返回ret_from_intr恢复抢占标志后再返回
#else
jmp restore_all
#endif
ALIGN
handle_softirq:
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
cli
GET_CURRENT(%ebx)
incl preempt_count(%ebx)
sti
#endif
call SYMBOL_NAME(do_softirq)
jmp ret_from_intr
ALIGN
reschedule:
call SYMBOL_NAME(schedule) # test
jmp ret_from_sys_call
include/asm/hw_irq.h:
...
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
#define BUMP_CONTEX_SWITCH_LOCK \
GET_CURRENT \
"incl 4(%ebx)\n\t"
#else
#define BUMP_CONTEX_SWITCH_LOCK
#endif
#define SAVE_ALL \ 硬件中断保护入口现场
"cld\n\t" \
"pushl %es\n\t" \
"pushl %ds\n\t" \
"pushl %eax\n\t" \
"pushl %ebp\n\t" \
"pushl %edi\n\t" \
"pushl %esi\n\t" \
"pushl %edx\n\t" \
"pushl %ecx\n\t" \
"pushl %ebx\n\t" \
"movl $" STR(__KERNEL_DS) ",%edx\n\t" \
"movl %edx,%ds\n\t" \
"movl %edx,%es\n\t" \
BUMP_CONTEX_SWITCH_LOCK # 硬件中断的入口禁止内核抢占
include/linux/spinlock.h:
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
#define switch_lock_count() current->preempt_count
#define in_ctx_sw_off() (switch_lock_count().counter) 判断当前进程的抢占计数
是否非零
#define atomic_ptr_in_ctx_sw_off() (&switch_lock_count())
#define ctx_sw_off() \ 禁止内核抢占
do { \
atomic_inc(atomic_ptr_in_ctx_sw_off()); \ 当前进程的内核抢占计数增1
} while (0)
#define ctx_sw_on_no_preempt() \ 允许内核抢占
do { \
atomic_dec(atomic_ptr_in_ctx_sw_off()); \ 当前进程的内核抢占计数减1
} while (0)
#define ctx_sw_on() \ 允许并完成内核抢占
do { \
if (atomic_dec_and_test(atomic_ptr_in_ctx_sw_off()) && \
current->need_resched) \
preempt_schedule(); \
} while (0)
#define spin_lock(lock) \
do { \
ctx_sw_off(); \ 进入自旋锁时禁止抢占
_raw_spin_lock(lock); \
} while(0)
#define spin_trylock(lock) ({ctx_sw_off(); _raw_spin_trylock(lock) ? \锁定并
测试原来是否上锁
1 : ({ctx_sw_on(); 0;});})
#define spin_unlock(lock) \
do { \
_raw_spin_unlock(lock); \
ctx_sw_on(); \ 离开自旋锁时允许并完成内核抢占
} while (0)
#define read_lock(lock) ({ctx_sw_off(); _raw_read_lock(lock);})
#define read_unlock(lock) ({_raw_read_unlock(lock); ctx_sw_on();})
#define write_lock(lock) ({ctx_sw_off(); _raw_write_lock(lock);})
#define write_unlock(lock) ({_raw_write_unlock(lock); ctx_sw_on();})
#define write_trylock(lock) ({ctx_sw_off(); _raw_write_trylock(lock) ? \
1 : ({ctx_sw_on(); 0;});})
...
include/asm/softirq.h:
#define cpu_bh_disable(cpu) do { ctx_sw_off(); local_bh_count(cpu)++; barrie
r(); } while (0)
#define cpu_bh_enable(cpu) do { barrier(); local_bh_count(cpu)--;ctx_sw_on()
; } while (0)
kernel/schedule.c:
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
asmlinkage void preempt_schedule(void)
{
while (current->need_resched) {
ctx_sw_off();
current->state |= TASK_PREEMPTED;
schedule();
current->state &= ~TASK_PREEMPTED;
ctx_sw_on_no_preempt();
}
}
#endif
asmlinkage void schedule(void)
{
struct schedule_data * sched_data;
struct task_struct *prev, *next, *p;
struct list_head *tmp;
int this_cpu, c;
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
ctx_sw_off();
#endif
if (!current->active_mm) BUG();
need_resched_back:
prev = current;
this_cpu = prev->processor;
if (in_interrupt())
goto scheduling_in_interrupt;
release_kernel_lock(prev, this_cpu);
/* Do "administrative" work here while we dont hold any locks */
if (softirq_active(this_cpu) & softirq_mask(this_cpu))
goto handle_softirq;
handle_softirq_back:
/*
* sched_data is protected by the fact that we can run
* only one process per CPU.
*/
sched_data = & aligned_data[this_cpu].schedule_data;
spin_lock_irq(&runqueue_lock);
/* move an exhausted RR process to be last.. */
if (prev->policy == SCHED_RR)
goto move_rr_last;
move_rr_back:
switch (prev->state) {
case TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE:
if (signal_pending(prev)) {
prev->state = TASK_RUNNING;
break;
}
default:
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
if (prev->state & TASK_PREEMPTED)
break; 如果是内核抢占调度,则保留运行队列
#endif
del_from_runqueue(prev);
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
case TASK_PREEMPTED:
#endif
case TASK_RUNNING:
}
prev->need_resched = 0;
/*
* this is the scheduler proper:
*/
repeat_schedule:
/*
* Default process to select..
*/
next = idle_task(this_cpu);
c = -1000;
if (task_on_runqueue(prev))
goto still_running;
still_running_back:
list_for_each(tmp, &runqueue_head) {
p = list_entry(tmp, struct task_struct, run_list);
if (can_schedule(p, this_cpu)) {
int weight = goodness(p, this_cpu, prev->active_mm);
if (weight > c)
c = weight, next = p;
}
}
/* Do we need to re-calculate counters? */
if (!c)
goto recalculate;
/*
* from this point on nothing can prevent us from
* switching to the next task, save this fact in
* sched_data.
*/
sched_data->curr = next;
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
next->has_cpu = 1;
next->processor = this_cpu;
#endif
spin_unlock_irq(&runqueue_lock);
if (prev == next)
goto same_process;
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
/*
* maintain the per-process last schedule value.
* (this has to be recalculated even if we reschedule to
* the same process) Currently this is only used on SMP,
* and its approximate, so we do not have to maintain
* it while holding the runqueue spinlock.
*/
sched_data->last_schedule = get_cycles();
/*
* We drop the scheduler lock early (its a global spinlock),
* thus we have to lock the previous process from getting
* rescheduled during switch_to().
*/
#endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
kstat.context_swtch++;
/*
* there are 3 processes which are affected by a context switch:
*
* prev == .... ==> (last => next)
*
* Its the much more previous prev that is on nexts stack,
* but prev is set to (the just run) last process by switch_to().
* This might sound slightly confusing but makes tons of sense.
*/
prepare_to_switch();
{
struct mm_struct *mm = next->mm;
struct mm_struct *oldmm = prev->active_mm;
if (!mm) {
if (next->active_mm) BUG();
next->active_mm = oldmm;
atomic_inc(&oldmm->mm_count);
enter_lazy_tlb(oldmm, next, this_cpu);
} else {
if (next->active_mm != mm) BUG();
switch_mm(oldmm, mm, next, this_cpu);
}
if (!prev->mm) {
prev->active_mm = NULL;
mmdrop(oldmm);
}
}
/*
* This just switches the register state and the
* stack.
*/
switch_to(prev, next, prev);
__schedule_tail(prev);
same_process:
reacquire_kernel_lock(current);
if (current->need_resched)
goto need_resched_back;
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
ctx_sw_on_no_preempt();
#endif
return;
recalculate:
{
struct task_struct *p;
spin_unlock_irq(&runqueue_lock);
read_lock(&tasklist_lock);
for_each_task(p)
p->counter = (p->counter >> 1) + NICE_TO_TICKS(p->nice);
read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
spin_lock_irq(&runqueue_lock);
}
goto repeat_schedule;
still_running:
c = goodness(prev, this_cpu, prev->active_mm);
next = prev;
goto still_running_back;
handle_softirq:
do_softirq();
goto handle_softirq_back;
move_rr_last:
if (!prev->counter) {
prev->counter = NICE_TO_TICKS(prev->nice);
move_last_runqueue(prev);
}
goto move_rr_back;
scheduling_in_interrupt:
printk("Scheduling in interrupt\n");
BUG();
return;
}
void schedule_tail(struct task_struct *prev)
{
__schedule_tail(prev);
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
ctx_sw_on();
#endif
}